23" Liquid Crystal Display
Television
User's Manual
MAK-000004
Table of Contents
1
Table of Contents
2
1
Regulatory Information
FCC Compliance Statement1
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is
subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause
harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference
received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
Additional Information
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for
a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These
limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in
accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to
radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference
will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause
harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged
to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
•
•
•
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that
to which the receiver is connected
•
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help
Warning: You are cautioned that changes or modifications not
expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void
your authority to operate the equipment.
1. applies only to products purchased in the United States of America
3
DOC Compliance Notice1
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise
emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the Radio Interference
Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.This
device complies with Canada ICES-003 Class B.
CE Conformity Statement2
This device complies with the requirements set out in the Council
Directive on the approximation of the Laws of the Member States
relating to Electromagnetic Compatibility (89/336/EEC) and the
Amendment Directive (92/31/EEC), Low-Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC)
and the Amendment Directive (93/68/EEC).
1. applies only to products purchased in Canada
2. applies only to products purchased in the European Union
4
2
Description of Warning Symbols
Before You Proceed
1. Read all Safety Notices in Section 2 of this manual and
instructions in the User’s Manual carefully before either plugging
in or turning the TV on.
2. Keep this User’s Manual in a safe place for future reference.
Keep the box and packaging in case the TV needs to be shipped
in the future.
3. Follow the TV and warning label instructions.
4. Any uses, operations, changes, alterations or modifications of
the TV that do not follow the instructions in this manual will void
this TV’s warranty.
CAUTION
RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPEN
WARNING
CAUTION
This symbol is used to alert
users to pay attention to
important descriptions
regarding usage, maintenance
(repair), and additional
important information related
to this TV.
This symbol is used to alert
users to the risk of electric
shocks due to dangerous and
uninsulated components.
5
3
Safety Notices
Electric Power Notice
Electric power may cause personal injury and mechanical damage if
misused. Although safety has been taken into consideration during the
design and production of this TV, electric shock or fire can result if the
TV is misused. To prevent potential danger, read and follow the
instructions and warnings contained in this manual when setting up,
operating or cleaning the TV. In addition, please read all “Safety
Notices” contained in this manual carefully before using the TV.
Power Supply Safety Notes
1. To avoid electric shocks, do not use an extended power cord or
an outlet that does not match this TV's plug or leaves the plug
exposed.
2. This TV has a 3-pin grounded plug. The third pin connects to
ground; do not remove it or alter it in anyway.
3. If the power cord or plug is damaged or worn, unplug it
immediately and contact an authorized service technician for
maintenance.
4. To avoid fire or electric shocks, do not overload electric power
outlets.
6
Installation Safety Notes
Antenna
We suggest that you use an outdoor antenna to get the best signal
possible unless you have cable TV or a centralized indoor antenna
system. You may, however, use an antenna indoors if it is placed in a
location free from interference.
Location
Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or other strong sources of heat.
Leave sufficient distance between the TV and the wall to provide
enough space for the emission of heat.
WARNING
To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose this
apparatus to rain or moisture.
Apparatus shall not be exposed to dripping or splashing and no
objects filled with liquids, such as vases, shall be placed on the
apparatus.
Power
To avoid danger of fires or electric shock, only use the adapter listed
below, which is compatible with this TV.
•
LI SHIN INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE CORP.:
LSE0226B20150
7
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1
2
3
4
Read these instructions.
Keep these instructions.
Heed all warnings.
Follow all instructions.
5
6
7
8
9
Do not use this apparatus near water.
Clean only with dry cloth.
Do not block any ventilation openings. Install
in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.
Do not install near any heat sources such as
radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other
apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce
heat.
Do not defeat the safety purpose of the
polarized or grounding-type plug. A polarized
plug has two blades with one wider than the
other. A grounding-type plug has two blades
and a third grounding prong. The wide blade
or the third prong are provided for your
safety. If the provided plug does not fit into
your outlet, consult an electrician for
replacement of the obsolete outlet.
8
10 Protect the power cord from being walked on
or pinched, particularly at plugs,
convenience receptacles, and the point
where they exit from the apparatus.
11 Only use attachments/accessories specified
by the manufacturer.
12 Use only with the cart, stand, tripod, bracket,
or table specified by the manufacturer, or
sold with the apparatus. When a cart is used,
use caution when moving the cart/apparatus
combination to avoid injury from tip-over.
13 Unplug this apparatus during lightning
storms or when unused for long periods of
time.
14 Refer all servicing to qualified service
personnel. Servicing is required when the
apparatus has been damaged in any way,
such as power-supply cord or plug is
damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects
have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus
has been exposed to rain or moisture, does
not operate normally, or has been dropped.
These servicing instructions are for use by
qualified service personnel only.To reduce
the risk of electric shock, do not perform any
servicing other than that contained in the
operating instructions unless you are
qualified to do so.
CAUTION
9
Personal Safety
To avoid overloading the power supply, never
plug too many electrical devices into an outlet,
power strip, or extension cable.
Dangerous high-voltage electric power
components are located inside the TV. To avoid
electric shock, do not disassemble the TV in any
way.
Do not place or drop metals, small objects, or
flammable materials into the vent of the TV.
If the TV is dropped, falls down, or is otherwise
damaged, unplug the power cord immediately
and contact an authorized service technician.
If any fluid is sprayed or dropped into the TV,
contact an authorized service technician.
The screen of the TV is made of glass. Avoid
hitting or scraping it. If the screen is broken, do
not touch the broken glass.
Do not allow children to use the TV unattended.
10
Installation
Do not place the TV in locations where there is
excessive steam or dust.
Avoid blocking the TV's vents, do not place the
TV on a bed, sofa, carpet, or in a sealed cabinet.
Install the outdoor antenna (not included) away
from power transmission lines to avoid possible
danger.
Unplug the power cord and antenna connector
when there is a storm or when the TV is not in
use for long periods to avoid electric shock from
lightning.
11
Operation
This TV is designed for home power sources as
labeled on the casing. Avoid using any other
power accessories to avoid electric shock or
other damage.
V
The plug can be inserted into an outlet in only
one direction as shown to the left. Do not alter
the plug. Contact an authorized service
technician if you cannot plug it in correctly.
If there is any problem that cannot be resolved
according to the instructions given in this
manual, contact an authorized service technician
immediately. Do not attempt any methods not
covered in this manual.
Maintenance
Do not attempt to repair the TV by yourself.
Contact an authorized service technician. Ask
the service technician to complete a safety
inspection before switching the power on after
completing any maintenance.
12
4
Preface
Thank you for purchasing a Hannspree Liquid Crystal Display Television
(LCD TV). Your new TV will allow you to enjoy superior audio and video
while enriching your lifestyle with advanced technology.
Please carefully read this manual in its entirety before setting up, using
or operating your TV. To ensure the safe and correct installation and
operations of the TV, it is important that the safety and operation
instructions in this manual are followed.
This instruction manual is designed to assist you in setting up and using
the TV. The information in this manual has been carefully checked for
accuracy; however, no guarantee is given to the correctness of the
contents. The information in this manual is subject to change without
notice.
To the extent allowed by applicable law, Hannspree California Inc.
(“Hannspree”) shall not be liable for direct, indirect, special, exemplary,
incidental or consequential damages arising from any defect or
omission in this manual, even if advised of the possibility of such
damages in advance.
13
Copyright
© Copyright 2004 Hannspree California Inc.
All rights reserved. This manual is protected by copyright and
distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying and distribution.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form by any means
without the prior written authorization of Hannspree. The TV described
in this manual may include copyrighted software of Hannspree (or other
third parties). Hannspree (or other third parties) preserves the exclusive
rights for copyrighted software, such as the right to distribute or
reproduce the copyrighted software. Accordingly, and to the extent
allowed by applicable law, any copyrighted software contained in the
product described herein shall not be distributed, modified, reverse
engineered, or reproduced in any manner without the prior written
authorization of Hannspree (or of other third parties).
The Hannspree logos presented herein are trademarks of Hannspree.
All other product names, trademarks or logos mentioned herein are
used for identification purpose only, and may be the trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The purchase of the product described herein shall not be deemed to
grant, either directly or by implication, estoppel or otherwise, any
license under the copyrights, patents, patent applications or trademarks
of Hannspree, except for the normal, non-exclusive use that arises by
operation of law in the sale of a product.
14
5
Introducing the TV
Thank you for purchasing this LCD TV. Your LCD TV is designed to be safe,
versatile, and easy to use. The design makes it a fun addition to any room.
You can watch NTSC broadcast or cable television channels, and easily
connect a VCR, VCD or DVD player to the standard CVBS and S-Video
input ports located at the rear and/or side of the unit. You can also use the
TV as a monitor for your PC by connecting it through the DVI port.
Convenient control buttons located on the TV and a handy remote control let
you change channels, adjust the volume, and change display settings
through an easy-to-use on-screen display menu system. The built-in stereo
speakers provide full rich sound and a convenient audio output port lets you
connect to an external audio system or earphones.
Features
•
•
Built-in TV tuner
Audio/Video support:
– Stereo audio inputs
– Composite video inputs
– Component video input
– S-Video inputs
– 3.5 mm stereo headphone output
– DVI-D input
•
•
•
•
•
On-Screen Display (OSD) menu system
Multi-channel Television Sound (MTS) with SAP
Built-in stereo speakers
PIP/POP
Image Enhancement Technology
– 3:2 pull down
– DCDi
– 3D Comb Filter
•
•
•
•
Noise Reduction
Advanced de-interlacing
Edge Enhancement
Flash card Reader (selected models only)
15
6
Checking Package Contents
Make sure the following components are included in the box. Please contact
Hannspree Customer Service immediately if anything is missing or
damaged.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TV
User’s manual
Quick start guide
Warranty and service manual
Power cord
Power adapter
Remote control and batteries
Stop Card
16
7
Getting Started
Control Panel
Description
Icon
/ POWER
Function
Turns the TV on and off.
Indicates power status.
Power/
Power LED
/
In TV/AV mode, press this button to
mute the audio. Press this button
again to restore sound.
MUTE/
Mute
AUTO/MUTE
T/SOURCE
Selects the input source to be
displayed
(TV/CATV, PC, AV1, AV2, AV3,
AV4, or AV5).
Source
Menu
Turns the On-Screen Display (OSD)
menu on and off.
M/MENU
Changes channels. Press channel
up to increase the channel number.
Press channel down to decrease the
channel number. In PC or AV mode,
press either button to return to TV
mode.
channel up
(
/ S )
channel down
/ T )
Select
channel
(
Press volume up to increase the
audio volume. Press volume down to
decrease the audio volume.
volume up
( + / S )
volume down
( – / T )
Adjust
volume
Insert a CF card into this slot to view
the contents of the CF card. Use the
Flash card feature to view the
contents. See “Using the Flash card
AV5-
Flash card
slot
(selected
models only)
17
Input and Output Jacks
Description
Connector
Function
Use the AV1 input to connect
an external device, such as a
VCR or a VCD/DVD player
with a component output.
Audio Input (R/L): red and
white audio cables.
AV1
(R/L/PR/PB/Y)
Video Input (PR/PB/Y): video
cables.
Use the AV2 input to connect
an external device, such as a
VCR or a VCD/DVD player.
Audio Input (R/L): red and
white audio cables.
AV2
(R/L/V/S)
Video Input (V or S): yellow
(video) or S-Video cable.
Use the AV3 input to connect
an external device, such as a
VCR or a VCD/DVD player
with a composite output.
Audio Input (R/L): red and
white audio cables.
AV3
(R/L/V)
Video Input (V): yellow
(video) cable.
Use the AV4 input to connect
an external device, such as a
VCR or a VCD/DVD player.
Audio Input (L/R): white and
red audio cables.
AV4
(V/L/R/S)
Video Input (S-Video or
Video): S-Video cable or
yellow (video).
Connects to an antenna or
CATV cable television line.
ANT (Antenna/
Cable TV line in)
18
Description
Connector
Function
Connects to the included
power adapter.
DC-IN
DVI-D
Connects to a PC’s DVI port.
Connects to a PC's line/audio
out port.
LINE IN
Connects to external stereo
speakers.
LINE OUT (R/L)
Connects to earphones.
Earphone line out
jack
19
Remote Control
Description
Icon
Function
Press this button to open up the
setup menu of TV mode or flash card
mode.
MENU
Menu
PressS / T / W and X to scroll
through the on-screen display
menus. In flash card mode, use the
arrow buttons to navigate menus,
and to pan a picture when zooming
in on a photo in Photo mode.
S / T / W / X
Arrow
1
4
2
5
3
6
Use to select a channel directly.
Press 0-9 to enter the channel
number (press 1 and 0 for channel
10).
Number
Last
7
8
0
9
Press this button to return to the last
channel selected.
LAST
Press this button to enable the
closed captions/subtitles (Only
available in the United States of
America). In flash card mode, use
this button to rotate a picture when in
Photo mode. This option may not be
available in your local area.
CC/TTX
CC/TTX
Power
Turns the TV power on or off.
Press volume up to increase the
audio volume. Press volume down to
decrease the audio volume.
VOL
VOL
Adjust volume
20
Description
Icon
Function
Press this button to eliminate sound.
Press mute again or press the
volume adjust buttons to restore
sound.
Mute
Changes channels. Press channel
up to increase the channel number.
Press channel down to decrease the
channel number. In PC or AV mode,
press either button to return to TV
mode.
CH
CH
Select channel
Press this button to change the
audio characteristics of the TV.
Sound
RGB
Press this button to switch to RGB
mode (PC DVI-D input) or flash card
mode.
RGB
WIDE
Press this button to switch between
wide screen and other modes (4:3 –
16:9 – ANAMORPHIC).
Wide
Press this button repeatedly to cycle
through the PIP position options. In
flash card mode, use this button to
go to the next page in the menus.
POSITION
Position
Press this button to hold or skip
forward through tracks being played
from the memory. In flash card
mode, use this button to return to the
flash card main screen.
HOLD
ROOT
Hold
Press this button to use the PIP or
POP functions. In flash card mode,
use this button to start and stop the
slide show.
PIP/POP
SLIDE
PIP/POP
21
Description
Icon
Function
Press this button to swap the PIP or
POP pictures. In flash card mode,
use this button to go to the previous
page in the menus.
SWAP
Swap
Press this button to select your
favorite channels.
FAV.
TV
Favorite
TV
Press this button repeatedly to cycle
through the TV reception options for
the TV.
Press this button repeatedly to cycle
through the AV-in options for the TV.
AV
AV
Press this button to return to the last
menu when using on screen display
menus. In flash card mode, use this
button to confirm a selection or
activate a function.
Return
Sleep
Press this button repeatedly to set
the length of time until the TV turns
off. Cancel the timer by pressing
until the displayed time disappears.
In flash card mode, use this button to
zoom in on a picture when in Photo
mode.
SLEEP
Press this button to show messages
on the screen, such as the channel
number, mode and others. Press this
button again to close the displayed
message.
DISP.
Display
Note:
The four squares (red, green, yellow, and blue) have no function when the
TV standard is set to NTSC.
22
CAUTION
•
•
•
If the remote control is not used for a long period, remove the batteries
and store them separately.
Handle damaged or leaking batteries carefully, and wash hands after
such handling.
If your remote control has two batteries, do not mix new and old
batteries because the life of the new batteries will be shortened.
Chemical fluids may leak from the old batteries.
•
Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace only with
the same or equivalent type recommended by the equipment
manufacturer. Discard used batteries according to manufacturer’s
instructions.
•
•
Refer to your local recycling or waste disposal rules and contact a local
waste disposal vendor to dispose of used batteries.
The remote control may have a magnet in it, so do not place magnetic
sensitive items such as watches, credit cards, or flash media close to
the cover.
•
Do not use force when pulling the remote control cover open; you may
damage the hinge.
24
8
Making Connections
Connecting to an Antenna or Cable TV
1
Connect one end of the VHF/UHF (Antenna) or CATV cable to ANT
Jack (VHF/UHF IN Jack) on the back of the TV.
2 Connect the other end of the VHF/UHF (Antenna) or CATV cable to
the antenna socket or CATV cable.
Antenna
ANT
ANT jack
(VHF/UHF IN jack)
Antenna/CATV
socket
Antenna/CATV
coaxial cable
Note:
If you cannot receive channels after connecting to an antenna or cable TV
line, try scanning for channels. See “Auto Scan” on page 67.
25
Connecting to AV Devices
Connect external devices such as VCD / DVD players or VCRs to the TV
using the AV1, AV2, AV3, and AV4 ports on the back or side of the TV.
Connecting to a VCR/VCD/DVD player using
component video
The illustration presented here shows how to connect your TV to a VCR /
VCD / DVD player using the AV1 component video port. Actual connections
may vary according to the make and model of your device. Refer to the
user’s manual included with the AV device for more detailed instructions.
Note:
VCR
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
VCD
DVD
AV 1
R
L
P
R
P
B
Y
PR
PB
Y
R
L
Video cable
Audio cable
Cables and connectors are color-coded
(red, white, red, blue, green).
26
Connecting to a VCR/VCD/DVD player using S-Video
The following illustration shows how to connect the TV to a VCR / VCD /
DVD player using the AV2 S-Video port. Actual connections may vary
according to the make and model of the device. Refer to the user’s manual
included with the camcorder for more detailed instructions.
AV 2
R
L
V
S
S-VIDEO
R
L
S-Video
connector
Audio
connectors
Video cable
Audio cable
Cables and connectors are color-coded
(red, white, black).
Notes:
•
When connecting the S-Video
connector and AV connectors at
the same time, the priority is
given to the S-Video connector.
•
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
27
Connecting to a VCR/VCD/DVD player using composite video
The illustration presented here shows how to connect your TV to a VCR /
VCD / DVD player using the AV3 composite video port. Actual connections
may vary according to the make and model of your device. Refer to the
user’s manual included with the AV device for more detailed instructions.
VCR
AV 3
VCD
R
L
V
DVD
VIDEO R
L
A/V cable
Note:
Cables and connectors are color-coded
(red, white, yellow).
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
28
Connecting to a Video Camera using S-Video
The following illustration shows how to connect the TV to a camcorder using
the AV4 S-Video port. Actual connections may vary according to the make
and model of the device. Refer to the user’s manual included with the
camcorder for more detailed instructions.
S
WB
AV 4
V
L
R
S
S-Video
Audio
connector
connectors
S-VIDEO
R
L
Video cable
Audio cable
Cables and connectors are color-coded
(white, red, black).
Notes:
•
When connecting the S-Video
connector and AV connectors at
the same time, the priority is
given to the S-Video connector.
•
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
29
Connecting External Earphones
External earphones may be used to listen to the TV rather than using the
built-in speakers. Connect external headphones to the earphone line out
port as illustrated.
Earphone jack(
)
Notes:
•
External earphones are not included with the TV.
•
•
•
The internal TV speakers still output sound when earphones are
plugged in.
The TV speakers function is to output the primary audio program.
The earphones function is to output the secondary audio program.
Location of the connectors depends on the TV model.
30
Connecting an Amplifier of Speakers
Connect an external amplifier of speakers to the line out port to provide
better sound quality. Refer to the following illustration.
LINE OUT
R
L
Amplifier and speakers
R
L
Audio cable
Note:
Cables and connectors are color-coded
(red, white).
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
31
Connecting to a PC
Connect the TV to your PC to use it as the monitor using the DVI port as
shown. Connect the DVI port of the TV to the DVI output of the PC. Connect
the line out port of the PC to the line in port of your TV to listen to audio from
the PC.
DVI
LINE-IN
PC
Notes:
•
You can connect the line out port of a CD-ROM player, stereo, or other
device to the TV’s line in port to listen to the devices audio output.
•
•
When changing from TV mode to PC mode, the Power LED changes to
amber, indicating that the PC is in sleep status.
Location of the connectors depends on the TV model.
32
Connecting the Power Adapter
1
Connect the power cord to the power adapter as illustrated.
2 Plug the power adapter connector into the DC-IN input jack on the
rear panel of the TV.
3 Insert the three-pronged plug at the other end of the power cord into
a power outlet.
Note:
Three-pronged
plug
Location of the connectors
depends on the TV model.
Power outlet
DC-IN
DC-IN input jack
Power cord
Power adaptor
33
Inserting a compact Flash Card (CF card)
1
Remove the card reader slot cover from the
side of the TV.
Note:
Step 1 depends on which TV model you
purchase. If the TV’s card reader slot does not
have a cover, you can ignore step 1 and go
straight to step 2.
O
IDE
S-V
UT
L
E-O
LIN
A
V
1
R
L
DIO
AU
R
T
AN
D
VI
-IN
DC
N
E-I
LIN
A
V3
2 Insert the CF card in the direction of the
arrow.
8
M
B
O
IDE
S-V
UT
L
LINE-O
A
V
1
R
L
DIO
AU
R
T
AN
D
VI
-IN
DC
N
E-I
A
V3
LIN
3 To remove the CF card, press the button.
The CF card pops out. Gently slide out the
CF card.
Note:
Selected models only.
O
IDE
S-V
UT
L
E-O
LIN
A
V
1
R
L
DIO
AU
R
T
AN
D
VI
-IN
DC
N
E-I
A
V3
LIN
34
9
Using the TV
Using the Remote Control
For best results, use the remote control within a distance of 20 feet
(6 meters) from the front of the TV. Do not exceed an angle of 30 degrees
when pointing at the TV.
Notes
•
The operational distance may be shortened when the signal sensor is
directly exposed to strong light.
•
Aim the transmitter on the remote control at the signal sensor and
ensure that there are no obstacles between them.
Turning the TV On and Off
1
Press power on the remote control or on the control panel. The power
LED indicator on the front of the TV changes from red to green,
indicating that the power is on.
2
Press power again. The power LED changes from green to red,
indicating that the TV is off
.
Selecting Channels
1
2
3
Press channel up to increase the channel number by one.
Press channel down to decrease the channel number by one.
Enter the specific channel number by pressing the number buttons on
the remote control. The channel number is displayed on the screen.
Switching Source Signals
Press source on the control panel repeatedly to select different sources.
Alternatively, press TV on the remote control to select the TV/CATV source,
press RGB to select the PC source, and press AV repeatedly to cycle
through AV1-AV5 sources.
The selected source – TV/CATV, PC, AV1, AV2, AV3, AV4 and AV5 –
appear on the top left corner of the screen in that order.
35
Notes:
•
The TV supports S-Video input in addition to normal video and audio
signals. The TV detects the signal type automatically and gives priority
to S-Video when two signals are detected at the same time.
•
AV5 appears on selected models only.
Adjusting the Volume
1
2
3
Press volume up to increase the volume.
Press volume down to decrease the volume.
Press mute to eliminate sound. The word “MUTE” appears on the
bottom right corner of the screen and sound is turned off.
Press mute again to restore the original volume.
4
Using PIP and POP
The TV features Picture-in-Picture (PIP) and Picture-outside-Picture (POP),
enabling you to view two sources at the same time. Follow these
instructions.
1
Turn on the TV and select a source
signal.
MAIN
-
TV CH 007
2 Press PIP/POP from the remote
MAIN
PIP
-
-
TV CH 007
CATV CH 056
control.
A picture-in-picture window appears on
the display, using the last selected
source signal for the PIP.
Note:
sources are compatible with each other in PIP and POP mode.
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